Omega 3 or Creatine Supplementation in Older Adults and its Impact on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review
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Aug 1, 2024
Keywords:
Cupplementation, creatine, omega 3, older adult, memory, cognitive function and impairment.
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Abstract
The systematic review was carried out using the PRISMA methodology and focused on the search for scientific articles in which the effects of omega-3 or creatine supplementation in adults over 60 years of age and its effect on cognitive function had been investigated. The search criteria were supplementation, omega 3, creatine, older adults, memory, function and cognitive impairment. The exclusion criteria were athletes and people under 60 years of age. Articles from PubMed, ScienceDirect and SciELO were included. 223 articles were found investigating the effect of omega-3 supplementation and 25 articles on creatine supplementation, of which 29 and 3 were selected that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria respectively for each group. Concluding that adequate consumption of sources of omega 3 and creatine has a preventive benefit against memory conditions and cognitive deterioration related to aging, since it intervenes in the structure and function of the brain. These findings highlight the importance of a balanced diet and the possible usefulness of supplements in maintaining cognitive health in the older adult population.
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López-Sebastiani, V. A., Chávez-Infantes, M. F., & Samillan, V. J. (2024). Omega 3 or Creatine Supplementation in Older Adults and its Impact on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review. Revista De Investigaciones De La Universidad Le Cordon Bleu, 11(2), 13-22. https://doi.org/10.36955/RIULCB.2024v11n2.002
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References
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Atmadja, T., Kusharto, C., and Sinaga, T. (2020). Supplementation of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Oil Enriched with Omega-3 Soft Capsule Improves Oxidative Stress and Cognitive Function in Elderly. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 66 (Supplement), S47–S50. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.66.S47
Bo, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., You, J., Cui, H., Zhu, Y., Pang, W., Liu, W., Jiang, Y., and Lu, Q. (2017). The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation improved the cognitive function in the chinese elderly with mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Nutrients, 9(1), 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9010054
Camargo, K., and Laguado, E. (2017). Grado de deterioro cognitivo de los adultos mayores institucionalizados en dos hogares para ancianos del área metropolitana de Bucaramanga-Santander, Colombia. Universidad y Salud, 19(2), 163. https://doi.org/10.22267/rus.171902.79
Canhada, S., Castro, K., Perry, I., and Luft, V. (2018). Omega-3 fatty acids' supplementation in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review. Nutritional Neuroscience, 21(8), 529–538. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2017.1321813
Coley, N., Raman, R., Donohue, M., Aisen, P., Vellas, B., and Andrieu, S. (2018). Defining the Optimal Target Population for Trials of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation Using the Erythrocyte Omega-3 Index: A Step Towards Personalized Prevention of Cognitive Decline?. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 22(8), 982–998. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-018-1052-2
Duchaine, C., Fiocco, A., Carmichael, P., Cunnane, S., Plourde, M., Lampuré, A., Allès, B., Belleville, S., Gaudreau, P., Presse, N., Ferland, G., and Laurin, D. (2022). Serum ω-3 Fatty Acids and Cognitive Domains in Community-Dwelling Older Adults from the NuAge Study: Exploring the Associations with Other Fatty Acids and Sex. The Journal of Nutrition, 152(9), 2117–2124. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxac110
Hooper, C., de Souto Barreto, P., Coley, N., Cantet, C., Cesari, M., Andrieu, S., and Vellas, B. (2017). Cognitive changes with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in non-demented older adults with low omega-3 index. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 21(9), 988–993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-017-0957-5
Jernerén, F., Cederholm, T., Refsum, H., Smith, A., Turner, C., Palmblad, J., Eriksdotter, M., Hjorth, E., Faxen-Irving, G., Wahlund, L., Schultzberg, M., Basun, H., and Freund-Levi, Y. (2019). Homocysteine status modifies the treatment effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cognition in a randomized clinical trial in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: the omegad study. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 69(1), 189–197. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-181148
Kaufman, C., Vidoni, E., Burns, J., Alwatban, M., and Billinger, S. (2020). Self-reported Omega-3 supplement use moderates the association between age and exercising cerebral blood flow velocity in older adults. Nutrients, 12(3):697. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030697.
Knöchel, C., Voss, M., Gruter, F., Alves, G., Matura, S., Sepanski, B., Stablein, M., Kraft, D., Prvulovic, D., Carvalho, A., Reif, A., and Oertel-Knochel, V. (2017). Omega-3 fatty acids: repurposing opportunities for cognition and biobehavioral disturbances in mci and dementia. Current Alzheimer Research, 14(3), 240–254. https://doi.org/10.2174/1567205013666160602235520
Kühn, L., MacIntyre, U., Kotzé, C., Becker, P., and Wenhold, F. (2022). Twelve weeks of additional fish intake improves the cognition of cognitively intact, resource-limited elderly people: a randomized control trial. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 26(2), 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-021-1723-2
Liu, D., Zhou, L., Yang, M., McIntyre, R., and Cao, B. (2022). Oxidative stress mediates the association between dietary fat intake and cognition in us older adults. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 30(7), 761–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2022.01.001
Martínez-Abad, F., and Mateos-Álvarez, R. (2021). Validación del RUDAS como instrumento de cribado de población con demencia en atención primaria. Atención Primaria, 53(5), 102024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2021.102024
Narrea, J., and Ramos, M. (2022). Creatina y cerebro: una revisión narrativa que merece ser valorada. Revista de Investigación de la Universidad Norbert Wiener. https://doi.org/10.37768/unw.rinv.11.01.r0002
Nolan, J., Mulcahy, R., Power, R., Moran, R., and Howard, A. (2018). Nutritional intervention to prevent Alzheimer’s disease: potential benefits of xanthophyll carotenoids and omega-3 fatty acids combined. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 64(2), 367–378. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-180160
Ogawa, T., Sawane, K., Ookoshi, K., and Kawashima, R. (2023). Supplementation with flaxseed oil rich in alpha-linolenic acid improves verbal fluency in healthy older adults. Nutrients, 15(6), 1499. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061499
Oliveira, E., Forbes, S., Borges, E., Machado, L., Candow, D., and Machado, M. (2023). Association between dietary creatine and visuospatial short-term memory in older adults. Nutrition and Health, 29(4), 731–736. https://doi.org/10.1177/02601060221102273
Patan, M., Kennedy, D., Husberg, C., Hustvedt, S., Calder, P., Khan, J., Forster, J., and Jackson, P. (2021). Supplementation with oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid, but not in docosahexaenoic acid, improves global cognitive function in healthy, young adults: results from randomized controlled trials. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 114(3), 914–924. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab174
Prokopidis, K., Giannos, P., Triantafyllidis, K., Kechagias, K., Forbes, S., and Candow, D. G. (2023). Effects of creatine supplementation on memory in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition Reviews, 81(4), 416–427. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuac064
Reddan, J., Macpherson, H., White, D., Scholey, A., and Pipingas, A. (2019). Examining the relationship between nutrition and cerebral structural integrity in older adults without dementia. Nutrition Research Reviews, 32(1), 79–98. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422418000185
Sala-Vila, A., Valls-Pedret, C., Rajaram, S., Coll-Padrós, N., Cofán, M., Serra-Mir, M., Pérez-Heras, A., Roth, I., Freitas-Simoes, T., Doménech, M., Calvo, C., López-Illamola, A., Bitok, E., Buxton, N., Huey, L., Arechiga, A., Oda, K., Lee, G., Corella, D., Vaqué-Alcázar, L., and Ros, E. (2020). Effect of a 2-year diet intervention with walnuts on cognitive decline. The Walnuts and Healthy Aging (WAHA) study: a randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 111(3), 590–600. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz328
Schwarz, C., Wirth, M., Gerischer, L., Grittner, U., Witte, A., Köbe, T., and Flöel, A. (2018). Effects of Omega-3 fatty acids on resting cerebral perfusion in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, 5(1), 26–30. https://doi.org/10.14283/jpad.2017.23
Semba R. (2020). Perspective: The Potential Role of Circulating Lysophosphatidylcholine in Neuroprotection against Alzheimer Disease. Advances in Nutrition 11(4), 760–772. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa024
Seper, V., Korovljev, D., Todorovic, N., Stajer, V., Ostojic, J., Nesic, N., and Ostojic, M. (2021). Guanidinoacetate-creatine supplementation improves functional performance and muscle and brain bioenergetics in the elderly: a pilot study. Annals Of Nutrition and Metabolism, 77(4), 244–247. https://doi.org/10.1159/000518499
Troesch, B., Eggersdorfer, M., Laviano, A., Rolland, Y., Smith, A., Warnke, I., Weimann, A., and Calder, P. (2020). Expert opinion on benefits of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA) in aging and clinical Nutrition. Nutrients, 12(9), 2555. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092555
Wei, B., Li, L., Dong, C., Tan, C., Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative, y xu, w. (2023). the relationship of omega-3 fatty acids with dementia and cognitive decline: evidence from prospective cohort studies of supplementation, dietary intake, and blood markers. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 117(6), 1096–1109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.04.001
Welty F. (2023). Omega-3 fatty acids and cognitive function. Current Opinion in Lipidology, 34(1), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0000000000000862
Wood, A., Chappell, H., and Zulyniak, M. (2022). Dietary and supplemental long-chain omega-3 fatty acids as moderators of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. European Journal of Nutrition, 61(2), 589–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-021-02655-4
World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). ISupport for dementia. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241515863
World Health Organization (WHO). (2023). Enfermedades no transmisibles. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases
Zavala, C. (2020). Uso de omega 3 como tratamiento antienvejecimiento. MediSur, 18(6), 1198-1209. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1727-897X2020000601198&lng=es&tlng=es.
Zhang, Y., Lou, Y., Hu, J., Miao, R., and Ma, F. (2018). DHA supplementation improves cognitive function via enhancing Aβ-mediated autophagy in Chinese elderly with mild cognitive impairment: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 89(4), 382–388. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2017-31617
Zhang, Y., Miao, R., Li, Q., Wu, T., and Ma, F. (2017). Effects of DHA Supplementation on Hippocampal Volume and Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A 12-Month Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 55(2), 497–507. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-160439
Atmadja, T., Kusharto, C., and Sinaga, T. (2020). Supplementation of Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Oil Enriched with Omega-3 Soft Capsule Improves Oxidative Stress and Cognitive Function in Elderly. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 66 (Supplement), S47–S50. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.66.S47
Bo, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, Y., You, J., Cui, H., Zhu, Y., Pang, W., Liu, W., Jiang, Y., and Lu, Q. (2017). The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation improved the cognitive function in the chinese elderly with mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Nutrients, 9(1), 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9010054
Camargo, K., and Laguado, E. (2017). Grado de deterioro cognitivo de los adultos mayores institucionalizados en dos hogares para ancianos del área metropolitana de Bucaramanga-Santander, Colombia. Universidad y Salud, 19(2), 163. https://doi.org/10.22267/rus.171902.79
Canhada, S., Castro, K., Perry, I., and Luft, V. (2018). Omega-3 fatty acids' supplementation in Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review. Nutritional Neuroscience, 21(8), 529–538. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2017.1321813
Coley, N., Raman, R., Donohue, M., Aisen, P., Vellas, B., and Andrieu, S. (2018). Defining the Optimal Target Population for Trials of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation Using the Erythrocyte Omega-3 Index: A Step Towards Personalized Prevention of Cognitive Decline?. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 22(8), 982–998. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-018-1052-2
Duchaine, C., Fiocco, A., Carmichael, P., Cunnane, S., Plourde, M., Lampuré, A., Allès, B., Belleville, S., Gaudreau, P., Presse, N., Ferland, G., and Laurin, D. (2022). Serum ω-3 Fatty Acids and Cognitive Domains in Community-Dwelling Older Adults from the NuAge Study: Exploring the Associations with Other Fatty Acids and Sex. The Journal of Nutrition, 152(9), 2117–2124. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxac110
Hooper, C., de Souto Barreto, P., Coley, N., Cantet, C., Cesari, M., Andrieu, S., and Vellas, B. (2017). Cognitive changes with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in non-demented older adults with low omega-3 index. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 21(9), 988–993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-017-0957-5
Jernerén, F., Cederholm, T., Refsum, H., Smith, A., Turner, C., Palmblad, J., Eriksdotter, M., Hjorth, E., Faxen-Irving, G., Wahlund, L., Schultzberg, M., Basun, H., and Freund-Levi, Y. (2019). Homocysteine status modifies the treatment effect of omega-3 fatty acids on cognition in a randomized clinical trial in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: the omegad study. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 69(1), 189–197. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-181148
Kaufman, C., Vidoni, E., Burns, J., Alwatban, M., and Billinger, S. (2020). Self-reported Omega-3 supplement use moderates the association between age and exercising cerebral blood flow velocity in older adults. Nutrients, 12(3):697. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030697.
Knöchel, C., Voss, M., Gruter, F., Alves, G., Matura, S., Sepanski, B., Stablein, M., Kraft, D., Prvulovic, D., Carvalho, A., Reif, A., and Oertel-Knochel, V. (2017). Omega-3 fatty acids: repurposing opportunities for cognition and biobehavioral disturbances in mci and dementia. Current Alzheimer Research, 14(3), 240–254. https://doi.org/10.2174/1567205013666160602235520
Kühn, L., MacIntyre, U., Kotzé, C., Becker, P., and Wenhold, F. (2022). Twelve weeks of additional fish intake improves the cognition of cognitively intact, resource-limited elderly people: a randomized control trial. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 26(2), 119–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-021-1723-2
Liu, D., Zhou, L., Yang, M., McIntyre, R., and Cao, B. (2022). Oxidative stress mediates the association between dietary fat intake and cognition in us older adults. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 30(7), 761–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2022.01.001
Martínez-Abad, F., and Mateos-Álvarez, R. (2021). Validación del RUDAS como instrumento de cribado de población con demencia en atención primaria. Atención Primaria, 53(5), 102024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aprim.2021.102024
Narrea, J., and Ramos, M. (2022). Creatina y cerebro: una revisión narrativa que merece ser valorada. Revista de Investigación de la Universidad Norbert Wiener. https://doi.org/10.37768/unw.rinv.11.01.r0002
Nolan, J., Mulcahy, R., Power, R., Moran, R., and Howard, A. (2018). Nutritional intervention to prevent Alzheimer’s disease: potential benefits of xanthophyll carotenoids and omega-3 fatty acids combined. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 64(2), 367–378. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-180160
Ogawa, T., Sawane, K., Ookoshi, K., and Kawashima, R. (2023). Supplementation with flaxseed oil rich in alpha-linolenic acid improves verbal fluency in healthy older adults. Nutrients, 15(6), 1499. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061499
Oliveira, E., Forbes, S., Borges, E., Machado, L., Candow, D., and Machado, M. (2023). Association between dietary creatine and visuospatial short-term memory in older adults. Nutrition and Health, 29(4), 731–736. https://doi.org/10.1177/02601060221102273
Patan, M., Kennedy, D., Husberg, C., Hustvedt, S., Calder, P., Khan, J., Forster, J., and Jackson, P. (2021). Supplementation with oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid, but not in docosahexaenoic acid, improves global cognitive function in healthy, young adults: results from randomized controlled trials. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 114(3), 914–924. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab174
Prokopidis, K., Giannos, P., Triantafyllidis, K., Kechagias, K., Forbes, S., and Candow, D. G. (2023). Effects of creatine supplementation on memory in healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition Reviews, 81(4), 416–427. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuac064
Reddan, J., Macpherson, H., White, D., Scholey, A., and Pipingas, A. (2019). Examining the relationship between nutrition and cerebral structural integrity in older adults without dementia. Nutrition Research Reviews, 32(1), 79–98. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422418000185
Sala-Vila, A., Valls-Pedret, C., Rajaram, S., Coll-Padrós, N., Cofán, M., Serra-Mir, M., Pérez-Heras, A., Roth, I., Freitas-Simoes, T., Doménech, M., Calvo, C., López-Illamola, A., Bitok, E., Buxton, N., Huey, L., Arechiga, A., Oda, K., Lee, G., Corella, D., Vaqué-Alcázar, L., and Ros, E. (2020). Effect of a 2-year diet intervention with walnuts on cognitive decline. The Walnuts and Healthy Aging (WAHA) study: a randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 111(3), 590–600. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz328
Schwarz, C., Wirth, M., Gerischer, L., Grittner, U., Witte, A., Köbe, T., and Flöel, A. (2018). Effects of Omega-3 fatty acids on resting cerebral perfusion in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease, 5(1), 26–30. https://doi.org/10.14283/jpad.2017.23
Semba R. (2020). Perspective: The Potential Role of Circulating Lysophosphatidylcholine in Neuroprotection against Alzheimer Disease. Advances in Nutrition 11(4), 760–772. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa024
Seper, V., Korovljev, D., Todorovic, N., Stajer, V., Ostojic, J., Nesic, N., and Ostojic, M. (2021). Guanidinoacetate-creatine supplementation improves functional performance and muscle and brain bioenergetics in the elderly: a pilot study. Annals Of Nutrition and Metabolism, 77(4), 244–247. https://doi.org/10.1159/000518499
Troesch, B., Eggersdorfer, M., Laviano, A., Rolland, Y., Smith, A., Warnke, I., Weimann, A., and Calder, P. (2020). Expert opinion on benefits of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (DHA and EPA) in aging and clinical Nutrition. Nutrients, 12(9), 2555. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12092555
Wei, B., Li, L., Dong, C., Tan, C., Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative, y xu, w. (2023). the relationship of omega-3 fatty acids with dementia and cognitive decline: evidence from prospective cohort studies of supplementation, dietary intake, and blood markers. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 117(6), 1096–1109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.04.001
Welty F. (2023). Omega-3 fatty acids and cognitive function. Current Opinion in Lipidology, 34(1), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0000000000000862
Wood, A., Chappell, H., and Zulyniak, M. (2022). Dietary and supplemental long-chain omega-3 fatty acids as moderators of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. European Journal of Nutrition, 61(2), 589–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-021-02655-4
World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). ISupport for dementia. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241515863
World Health Organization (WHO). (2023). Enfermedades no transmisibles. https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases
Zavala, C. (2020). Uso de omega 3 como tratamiento antienvejecimiento. MediSur, 18(6), 1198-1209. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1727-897X2020000601198&lng=es&tlng=es.
Zhang, Y., Lou, Y., Hu, J., Miao, R., and Ma, F. (2018). DHA supplementation improves cognitive function via enhancing Aβ-mediated autophagy in Chinese elderly with mild cognitive impairment: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 89(4), 382–388. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2017-31617
Zhang, Y., Miao, R., Li, Q., Wu, T., and Ma, F. (2017). Effects of DHA Supplementation on Hippocampal Volume and Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A 12-Month Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 55(2), 497–507. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-160439